|
Catalog of Beneficials
Parasites - beneficials that use one host per lifetime
Anagyrus pseudococci,
Mealybug parasite
Aphelinus abdominalis, Aphid Parasite
Aphidius colemani, Aphid Parasite
Aphidius ervi
(parasitic wasp) Aphid Parasite
Aphidius matricariae,
Aphidius colemani, Aphidius ervi
Aphytis melinus, the
golden chalcid, Armored Scale parasite
Diglyphus
isaea, Dacnusa sibirica, Leaf Miner Parasites (parasitic wasps)
Encarsia (Encarsia formosa),
Whitefly parasite
Eretmocerus
californicus, Whitefly Parasite
Goniozus legneri
Navel Orangeworm Parasite
Leptomastidea
abnormis, Mealybug parasite
Leptomastix
dactylopii, parasitic wasp for citrus mealybug
Metaphycus helvolus, Release
instructions:
Pentalitomastix
plethoricus, Navel Orangeworm Parasite
Anagyrus pseudococci, Mealybug parasite
Scientific Name: Anagyrus
pseudococci (Girault), Race/Strain: SpainOrder: Hymenoptera (parasitic wasp), Family:
Encyrtidae
Packaging: 5,000 adults per 8 oz cup
or 1,000 adults in a 250 ml bottle
Holding after receipt: Keep
parasites in an insulated cooler 46.5-50º F (8-10º C) with wet newspaper and ice packs
in the dark for 1-2 days. Release as soon as possible.
Target Pest: Vine Mealybug and
Citrus Mealybug, Planococcus citri
Preferred Pest Stage: 4th and 5th
instars (egg laying adults)
Citrus mealybug mainly the third larval
stage, but second and fourth larval stage can be parasitized as well. Other mealybug
species are not parasitized.
Target Crops: Grapes and citrus
Timing: Begin releasing in late
winter or early spring.
Release Rate:
Infestation Level
|
Rate
|
Frequency
|
preventive
|
1/40 ft2 (0.25/m2)
|
every 2 weeks
|
light
|
1/20 ft2 (0.5/ m2)
|
2 introductions 2 weeks apart
|
heavy
|
1/10 ft2 (1/ m2)
|
minimum of 2 weekly introductions
|
Release Method: Anagyrus pseudococci
are ready for release upon arrival. They should be released in the early morning, after
temperatures have risen above 45º F, but below 95º F. Release between (infested) leaves
in the morning or in the evening. Check vitality prior to releasing. Control ants prior to
releasing.
Biology Natural Host Food: Mealybug
sp, Citrus mealybug, vine mealybug
Natural Habitat: Grapes and
citrus
Life Cycle: 15-18 days at 80º F
50% humidity, 20-24 generations per year under laboratory conditions.
Sex Ratio: 50-60% females
Fecundity: Averages 45 offspring
per female
Longevity: Females can live 40 days,
males 30 days, under laboratory conditions with weekly feedings. They survive 14 days with
one feeding.
Appearance: Female adults: size
1.5-2.0 mm; brown, with distinctive black and white banded antennae Male adults: about 0.8
mm; entirely black Other stages: develop inside the host
Mode of action: Female
adult parasitic wasp parasitizes citrus mealybug (larvae).
Visual evidence:
The pupa swells and hardens into a yellow-brown (striped) mummy, with remainders of wax on
the outside. The adult parasitic wasp emerges through an irregular exit hole gnawed at the
posterior end of the mummy. The first mummies can be seen in the crop approximately 3
weeks after introduction.
Aphelinus abdominalis, Aphid Parasite
Product Information Aphel-line
ab. Aphelinus abdominalis
A parasitic wasp (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae) which attacks certain aphid species.
Contents: Minimum of 250 viable adults per unit. A food source is provided to
ensure that emerged adults arrive in the best possible condition.
Description: A female will lay an egg directly into the aphid body where it hatches
and the resulting larvae consume the aphids body contents. When the parasite larva
is fully grown, the host becomes blackened and a distinct mummy is formed At 20º C the
aphid turns black 7 days after parasitism. The mummy then takes an additional 14 days to
develop before an adult wasp emerges.
In Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aphelinus prefers to parasitize second and third
instar aphids. Host feeding is an important source of mortality in the aphids, with each
female killing approximately 2 aphids per day.
In laboratory studies, each female is capable of producing an average of 250 or more
offspring over a period of 3 weeks with an average daily production of 14. In field
situations the number of offspring produced will be somewhat less.
Aphelinus tends to walk over the crop rather than fly. Therefore, it remains on the
crop and does not readily leave the greenhouse.
Host range: Aphelinus abdominalis has been recorded as parasitizing a wide
range of aphid species. It can be used in any crop where the aphid pests Macrosiphum
euphorbiae and Aulacorthum solani occur. It will also paratize Myzus
persicae but the parasite Aphidius colernani is better suited to this task.
Application rates: Best results are obtained by making low rate preventative
releases when there is a risk of aphids invading the crop. Once larger outbreaks of aphids
are detected, higher release rates may be made immediately beneath colonies.
To apply the parasites preventively, use a release rate of between 0.2/m2
and 0.5/m2 weekly.
For corrective release, open the bottle or vial immediately adjacent to the aphid
outbreak and rest it at the base of the affected plant. Repeat as necessary.
For heavy outbreaks of Macrosiphum and Aulacorthurn, it is preferable to reduce
populations before releasing parasitoids.
IMPORTANT:
- Be sure to properly identify the aphid species.
- Monitor the crop carefully and begin releases early.
Do not release immediately before or after pesticide applications. Check pesticide
compatibility
Aphidius colemani, Aphid Parasite
A parasitic wasp (Family: Braconidae) that attacks several species of aphid pests.
Commonly used in greenhouses producing vegetables and ornamentals.
Contents: minimum 500 parasites, packed as pupae. Some adults may emerge in
transit.
General appearance and life history: Adult
wasps are black, 2-3 mm long with a narrow waist and long antennae. Adult females lay eggs
by curling the abdomen forward and quickly stabbing an aphid. The egg hatches, inside the
aphid, into a larva that consumes the aphid. The wasp larva then pupates inside the aphid
cadaver which has developed a characteristic round, golden brown, mummified appearance.
The emerging adult cuts a round hole to escape. At 72º F (22º C) mummies will form about
1 week after egg laying and adults will emerge 1 week later. Each female can lay over 100
eggs.
Hosts: Used to control cotton (melon)
aphid, Aphis gossypii and green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). A. colemani has
been identified attacking a wide range of other aphids but there is little information
about its success as a control agent.
Crops: Commonly used on commercial
cucumber and pepper crops grown in greenhouses. Parasitism does occur on other crops that
host aphids. A. colemani has been released and established worldwide.
Environment: Performs well in
greenhouse conditions at temperatures between 65º and 80º F 180 - 26º C) Reduced
efficiency above 860F (30º C).
Application rate: For prevention when
aphids may occur, 0.1 - 0.5 / m2 (1 - 5 / 100 ft2) Up
to 5 / m2 (50 / 100 ft) for existing infestations.
Release: Release emerged adults as soon
as possible upon receipt, preferably in the evening, by opening vials and walking through
the crop. Vials with pupae may be left open, in a shaded location, under existing aphid
colonies.
Important:
· Apply as
a preventative or at the earliest sign of aphid infestation. Aphid populations can
increase up to 20 times in one week.
· Do not
release immediately before or after pesticide applications. Check compatibility charts
before pesticide use.
· Be sure to
properly identify your aphid species.
Aphidius ervi
(parasitic wasp) Aphid Parasite
Aphidius ervi Haliday, Braconidae, Hymenoptera
Packaging
250 ml bottle Contains: 250 adults
Target
Aphidius ervi females seek out and parasitize aphids, in particular the potato
aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and the greenhouse potato aphid Aulacorthum solani.
It is also commonly recovered from the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and
research has been done on both Pea and Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicue. Other
aphid species are also attacked, but less information is available about these. Use
Aphidius ervi when aphid infestations are low.
APHIDIUS ERVI Application Rate
Infestation |
Rate
|
unit covers
|
Frequency & Interval |
preventive |
0.15/10 ft2
|
16,500 ft2
|
every week |
curative light |
0.5/10 ft2
|
5,000 ft2
|
3 weekly introductions |
curative heavy |
0.5/10 ft2
|
5,000 ft2
|
6 times with 3 days between applications |
Introduction
Release parasitic wasps between plant leaves in the morning or in the evening in cool
temperatures and low light levels
Conditions
Not active at high temperatures (above 86º F or 30º C).
Storage
Use as soon as possible. Storage after receipt: 1-2 days at 46 to 50º F (8 to 10º C)
in the dark
Appearance
Adults: size 4-5 mm, black Other stages: develop inside host. Parasitized aphid swells
and hardens into a leathery, gray or brown colored mummy. The adult parasite emerges
through a round hole at the rear of the mummy. The first mummies can be seen in the crop
approximately 2 weeks after the first introduction
Mode of action
Adult female wasp parasitizes the aphid.
Life Cycle
The life cycle of Aphidius ervi is longer than that of Aphidius colemani at
the same temperatures, and the parasite is larger and selects larger hosts. Where A.
colemani reaches adulthood within 14 days at 70º F (21º C), A. ervi takes
nearly 19 days at the same temperature. At 60º F (15º C), the duration of the cycle is
approximately 20 days for Aphidius colemani, while it is nearly 29 days for A.
ervi.
Aphidius ervi (parasitic wasp) Aphid Parasite
How does it work?
Aphidius ervi females seek out and parasitise aphids. The main
target for this parasitoid in commercial crops is the potato aphid Macrosiphum
euphorbiae. Other targets are the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and the Green
Peach Aphid, Myzus persicue. Other aphid species are also attacked, but less
information is available about these,
Once a female finds an individual aphid or aphid colony, she will
palpate the aphids with her antennae. If the aphid she is examining is of the correct
size, and has not already been parasitized, she rapidly curls her abdomen under her body
and stabs the aphid with her ovipositor. This takes less than one second, but in this time
the female checks the identity of the aphid with her ovipositor, and lays an egg into it
if she is satisfied.
The egg soon hatches, and the resulting larva begins to feed within the
aphid. Initially it will not kill the host, but as it grows it begins to feed on the vital
organs so that the aphid dies. When fully grown, the Aphidius larva cuts a slit in
the hollowed out shell of its host, and attaches the carcass to the substrate with silk.
As it spins more silk within the host skin, this gradually takes on a golden color and
forms the characteristic aphid mummy. Within the mummy, the larva pupates, and
after five to ten days an adult is ready to emerge. The adult Cuts a circular trap door in
the mummy, always on the upper surface at the back, and escapes through this to seek out
new hosts.
When and where should you use it?
Aphi-line e can be used in any crop where Macrosiphum euphorbiae is
the principal pest aphid occurring. Although it is a vigorous parasite which can attack
many individual aphids, it will work best when used prophylactically during periods when
aphids are expected to arrive in the crop. This will ensure that at least some of the
initial aphids colonizing the crop will be found and parasitized, so that colonies may
grow slowly or be stopped entirely before they reach damaging levels. There will then be
fewer large colonies, and fewer aphids will develop as winged individuals and spread
through the crop to form new foci of infestation.
This prophylactic approach can be achieved using either regular low
rate releases of between 0.25/10 ft2 and 0.5/10 ft2/week, or by
using cereal plants infested with an alternative aphid host which will not attack the
principal crop. These 'banker' plants are popular with many growers, but they
require horticultural care, and may need repeated releases of cereal aphids to function.
This prophylactic approach may entirely avoid aphid outbreaks, but if
not it will slow the development of colonies of aphids and allow the grower extra time in
which to act. Aphidius ervi can also be released correctively directly onto
existing colonies, but the rapid reproductive rate of aphids and the lag between
parasitism by Aphidius spp. and death of the host may allow the population to grow
beyond the level at which economic damage is caused. It may therefore be necessary to use
another biological agent or a compatible chemical agent to reduce localized outbreaks to a
manageable level before releasing Aphidius.
How should I use it?
Adults must be released into the crop as soon as possible after
receipt, ideally in cool temperatures and low light levels to avoid the risk that they
will fly immediately to the roof of the greenhouse. If this is not possible, they should
be kept below 10 C in darkness until release. Mortality will occur during any period of
storage.
Aphidius ervi is originally a European species, but it has been
widely introduced into North and South America, Australia and other regions in recent
years as part of biological control programs for aphids on a variety of crops.
Aphidius
matricariae, Aphidius colemani, Aphidius ervi
Aphid Parasites
By Applied Bio-nomics
Target pests
Aphidius matricariae: Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae); related
aphids.
Aphidius colemani: Melon aphid (Aphis gossypii)
Aphidius irvi Potato aphid (Macrosyphum euphorbiae)
Description
Aphidius species are a group of native parasitic wasps, frequently found
parasitizing aphids in greenhouses and outdoor crops.
- Adults are tiny, dark coloured, non-stinging wasps, up to 2-3 mm (1/8 inch) long.
- Larvae develop entirely inside host aphids, which eventually become rigid mummies when
the larvae pupate.
Aphidius is a good searcher, and can locate new aphid colonies even when aphid
populations are low.
Use in Biological Control
- Aphidius matricariae parasitizes about 40 aphid species, including green peach aphid
and closely related species (for information on aphids, see Sheet 340).
- Optimum conditions are daytime temperatures of 18-25 ºC (64-77 ºF) and relative
humidity 60-80%.
- Aphidius is not effected by short-day induced diapause, so it can be used year-round.
- Aphidius alone will not provide control when aphid populations are high, but can be used
with Aphidoletes to provide control (see Sheet 240).
- Effectiveness may be reduced in late summer when Aphidius itself may be attacked by
naturally occurring parastic wasps (called hyperparasites).
Monitoring Tips
Use a 10-15 X lens to inspect aphid mummies for round holes in the hind end, which
indicates the adult parasites have emerged. A ragged emergence hole, in the top (mid-back)
of the mummy indicates a hyperparasite has emerged (see diagram).
Life Cycle
A complete life cycle takes 10 days at 25 ºC (77 ºF) and 2 weeks at 21 ºC (70ºF).
- Sex ratio in the population is about equal, although there may be slightly more females
than males (50-60% females).
- Each female lays about 100 eggs in aphids but may attack 200 to 300 aphids in the
process.
- The larvae develop entirely inside the aphids and do not kill their host until the wasp
larva is ready to pupate.
- The larva pupate inside the aphids body, which become a rigid, leathery,
golden-brown mummy.
- Adults emerge from the mummies by cutting an exit hole in the top. The empty mummy
remains on the leaf surface. The size of the adult parasite and the number of eggs it can
lay, depends on the size of the aphid it came from.
Product Information
Aphidius is shipped either as parasitized aphid mummies (pupae) from which adults will
emerge, or as newly emerged adults. The advantage of shipping adults is that they usually
arrive pre-mated and the supplier can ensure they are sent without hyperparasites.
Adults should be released immediately by walking along the rows, allowing them to fly
out of the container.
If necessary, parasitized aphid mummies may be held at 4-10 ºC (39-50 ºF) for up to 3
days.
Introduction Rates
Aphidius is most effective when aphid populations are low. Parasites can be introduced
at low rates before aphids are detected in greenhouses or when aphids are likely to move
onto crops outdoors. When aphids have been detected in a crop, higher release rates should
be used over a period of at least 3 weeks.
Because of the time it takes for larvae to develop inside aphid mummies, use at least
two releases one week apart to establish overlapping generations of the parasite.
General introduction rates
- Before aphids are detected 1,000 Aphidius/ha weekly (400/acre)
- After aphids are established 5,000 Aphidius / ha (2000/acre) 2-3 times, one week
apart.
Specific crops
- Greenhouse peppers Before aphids are detected: 1,000 Aphidius/ha
(400 Aphidius/acre) weekly. After aphids are established: 5000 Aphidius/ha (2000/acre),
2-3 times or until significant numbers of mummies begin to develop.
- Greenhouse tomatoes 1 Aphidius/10 plants, weekly for 2 weeks.
- Greenhouse cucumbers 1 Aphidius/plant, weekly until established.
- Ornamentals and outdoors 0.1-3 Aphidius/m2 (10 ft²) or 0.1-5
Aphidius/plant, weekly or until control is evident.
Note: The yellow sticky traps used for monitoring pest also trap Aphidius. If
yellow traps are necessary for monitoring whitefly, do not release Aphidius near the
yellow traps and use no more than 1 yellow trap per 100 plants. Aphidius are not attracted
to blue sticky traps, which can be used for monitoring thrips where Aphidius is being
released for aphid control.
For Best Results
- During spring and summer, aphid populations grow too fast to be controlled by the
parasite alone therefore it is advisable to introduce additional aphid predators such as Aphidoletes
aphidimyza (see Sheet 240).
- In gardens, wash high populations of aphids from plants with a strong water spray before
introducing the aphid parasite. Note: Aphidius does not attack many common aphid
species, such as potato aphid.
Using Pesticides
Aphidius matricariae is likely to be sensitive to the same pesticides as Encarsia
formosa. Growth regulators used in crop production should not be harmful to Aphidius.
Spreader-stickers are likely to be harmful to Aphidius on contact, but do not have
residual effect. Insecticidal soap and pirimicarb (e.g., Pirliss®) can be used
to reduce aphid numbers in hot spots without harming the pupal stage of Aphidius.
Aphytis
melinus, the golden chalcid, Armored Scale parasite
Packaging vials of 5,000 adults ready for immediate release
Target pests (in order of preference)
California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, on citrus, roses and ornamentals
Ivy or oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii, on a wide range of hosts including palm
and cycads
San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, and Walnut scale, Q.
juglanregiae
Dyctyospermum scale, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, on a wide range of hosts
Biology
Aphytis melinus is a small yellow (1 mm) wasp that parasitizes various types of
armoured scales by laying eggs under the waxy scale covering. Parasite larvae develop
under the scale covering. Only 2nd and 3rd instar of female scales
and 2nd instar and pre-pupae male scales are parasitized. Many other stages of
scales are killed by adults host feeding on them. Parasitized scales look dried out and
may have dark spots when examined closely. Rubbing infested fruit and noting the amount of
scales removed can give a quick assessment of parasitism. At 80°
F, A. melinus takes 13-17 days to develop from egg to adult. Adults live about
10-15 days (up to 24 days), depositing 6-7 eggs/day. Optimal release conditions are
between 60-85° F, at least 50% RH and in areas with scales of
suitable stages for parasitism.
Use in Biological Control
Aphytis melinus are available in plastic cups of 5,000. In general they should be
released regularly (1-3 week intervals) at the first sign of scale in the spring until low
scale populations are maintained.
- To build an established population in orchards, 1-2 cups/acre should be released every
other week until the scale population is reduced to a low level. Release on the shaded
side of the trees at temperatures below 90° F. Release some
parasites every sixth tree every sixth row starting at a different row each week to assure
even distribution. The parasites can be released either by leaving an opened cup in a tree
infested with scales or by walking though the orchard with an opened cup for more rapid
dispersal. Afterwards an annual release of ½ -1 cup/acre is recommended in the spring.
Use a summer oil spray to reduce high number of scales 2-3 weeks before releasing
parasites.
- For interior plantings, regular releases of A. melinus work best and can control
infestations in 2-3 months. Afterwards 1-3 releases/year should be sufficient to maintain
control. The release rate depends on the suitability of the scale host. A guideline rate
is 5-10 parasitoids/ infested plant or 10/sq yard. Release parasites by waving an opened
cup around infested plants 2-3 times at 2-3 week intervals. Release at dusk or with the
windows shaded so the Aphytis will find infested plants quicker. If initial scale
populations are high, apply insecticidal soap 2-3 weeks before 1st release.
Wash off honeydew accumulations off plants just before release.
Storage
Use parasites within one day of arrival. If absolutely necessary, store in a cool
(approx. 60° F), dark place until use. Do not refrigerate or
place insects directly next to cold packs. Aphytis viability decreases rapidly with
prolonged storage.
Pesticide compatibility
Oil sprays, insecticidal soaps, Bacillus thuringiensis and Sabadilla. If more toxic
pesticides must be used, Aphytis should be released again about 4 weeks after application.
Diglyphus
isaea, Dacnusa sibirica, Leaf Miner Parasites (parasitic wasps)
Packaging Container: 100 ml bottle
* OPIMIX: Opius pallipes & Diglyphus isaea (parasitic wasps) Contains: 225
adults O.p. & 25 adults D.i.* MINEX: Dacnusa sibirica & Diglyphus isaea
(parasitic wasps) Contains: 225 adults D.s. & 25 adults D.i.* MIGLYPHUS: Diglyphus
isaea (parasitic wasp) Contains: 250 adults* MINOPIUS: Opius pallipes
(parasitic wasp) Contains: 250 adults* MINUSA: Dacnusa sibirica(parasitic wasp)
Contains: 250 adults
Target
Leaf-miners in all larval stages, preferably the first and second stage for D.s. and
the second and third stage for D.i.
Rates
OPIMIX, MINEX, MINOPIUS,
MINUSA |
RATE |
1 unit for (m2) |
FREQUENCY & INTERVAL |
preventive |
0.25/m2 |
1,000 |
every week |
curative light |
0.5/m2 |
500 |
minimum of 3 weekly introductions |
curative heavy |
2/m2 |
125 |
minimum of 3 weekly introductions |
MIGLYPHUS |
RATE |
1 unit for (m2) |
FREQUENCY & INTERVAL |
preventive |
- |
- |
- |
curative light |
0,1/m2 |
2,500 |
minimum of 3 weekly introductions |
curative heavy |
1/m2 |
250 |
minimum of 3 weekly introductions |
Introduction Release parasitic wasps between leaves, in the morning or in the
evening Release soon after arrival or store 1-2 days at 8-10 degrees Celsius, in the dark.
Conditions MINOPIUS and MINUSA are recommended at low levels of infection, MIGLYPHUS
when infection increases. OPIMIX and MINEX can be used in both circumstances.Remarks
Leaf-miner parasites can occur spontaneously. Introductions should be adapted to the
level of leaf-miner infestation and parasitism already present.
Appearance, Mode of action Adults D.s./O.p.: size 2-3 mm, dark-brown to black, long
antennae. Adult female parasitic wasps of Dacnusa sibirica and Opius pallipes lay
an egg inside the leaf-miner larva; the parasitic wasp develops inside the leaf-miner
pupa.
Adults D.i.: size 2-3 mm, metallic green, short antennae. Other stages: develop
inside/outside host. Adult female parasitic wasp of Diglyphus isaea kills
leaf-miner larva in the mine and lays an egg in it. The egg develops into a parasitic wasp
inside the mine (but outside the leaf-miner), using the dead larva as food. Host-feeding
also takes place.Evidence of Effect
Two weeks after introduction it is possible to see parasitization. The presence of
Diglyphus isaea is recognized by short/stopped mines containing a dead larva; pupae of
Diglyphus isaea can be seen when holding leaves up to the light. Presence of Dacnusa
sibirica and Opius pallipes can only be estimated by disecting larvae in the laboratory.
Encarsia (Encarsia formosa), Whitefly parasite
by Applied Bio-Nomics
- Target pests: the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes
vaporariorum), and to a limited extent, the sweet potatoe whitefly Bemesia tabaci,
but not the ash whitefly.
- Optimal conditions: temperatures greater than 180C (640F)
and bright light. Relative humidities should exceed 60%, and whitefly populations will
hinder movement of the parasite.
- General introduction rates: Use 1-5 Encarsia/m 2 (1-5 Encarsia/10
ft 2) or 1-5 parasites/infested plant weekly or until control is achieved.
Higher rates are necessary for the sweet potatoe whitefly. For greenhouse tomatoes or
sweet peppers, 1 Encarsia/4 plants weekly; and for greenhouse cucumbers use 1 Encarsia/2
plants weekly.
Encarsia was one of the first biological control
agents developed. This minute (<1 mm, 1/25 inch long) parasitic wasp (insect order Hymenoptera)
is probably tropical in origin. it does not sting humans.
Target pests of this parasite are greenhouse
whitefly and sweet potatoe whitefly. Growers should monitor for these pests weekly by
using yellow (not blue) sticky strips or cards, at a rate of 1 trap/50-100m 2 (1
trap/500-1,000 ft 2). Traps should be placed just above The plant canopy. Yellow sticky
tapes can also be used to trap adult whitefly. Use up to one tape per plant, and hang
tapes at the same height as monitoring cards. The sweet potatoe whitefly may be more
effectively trapped by lowering the tapes within the canopy. Sticky traps and tapes should
be replaced every 3 weeks. It is imperative to identify the whitefly species present in a
crop in order to choose the most appropriate release rate.
Life cycle
With the exception of the adult, all stages of
Encarsia occur within the whitefly host. Adults are tiny wasps that lay eggs inside 2
week-old whitefly scales (second and third whitefly larval stages). Each egg will kill one
whitefly scale. Adults lay up to 200 eggs. The parasite then develops inside of the
whitefly scale, and midway through the development of the Encarsia within the whitefly,
the scale turns dark. It becomes black for greenhouse whitefly, and transparent brown for
sweet potatoe whitefly. This occurs after 10 days at normal at normal greenhouse
temperatures. Another 10 days are required before adults emerge. Adult Encarsia emerge
from the parasited scale by chewing a hole in the top of the scale. Adults can live for 30
days but normally are active for about 10 days. The complete life cycle requires nearly 28
days in commercial greenhouses.
Adults also kill whitefly scales by direct feeding.
Otherwise, the feed on honeydew secreted by the whiteflies. Excessive amounts of honeydew
hamper activity of the parasite. Although they are good flyers and will seek prey if
necessary, the Encarsia tend to remain in regions where the whitefly are concentrated. It
is important to distribute the Encarsia well throughout the greenhouse.
Temperature has a significant effect on Encarsia
development. At 25 C (77 F) larval development requires 15 days, while at 15 C (59 F) 45
days may be required. At daytime temperatures less than 18 C (64 F), adult activity is
sharply reduced, and Encarsia will be less effective. Temperatures between 20-25 C (68-77
F) are optimal.
Formulations
Encarsia are sold as black parasitized scales that
have been fixed to cards. Each card contains 150 developing parasites. A strip of 10 cards
contains 1,500 Encarsia whitefly parasites. No adults will be visible on the cards.
Introduction Rates
It is important to hang the cards from lower leaves
in the shade, and avoid wetting them while watering. If hanging baskets are in green
houses, some cards must be placed on the baskets, as well as with plants on benches.
Encarsia may be used in a preventive fashion by
releasing it at low rates before greenhouse whitefly is detected on monitoring cards.
Significantly higher rates are necessary once greenhouse whitefly is detected. In general,
introduce Encarsia at rates of 1-5 Encarsia/m2 (1-5 Encarsia/10ft 2) or 1-5
Encarsia/infested plant weekly until control is achieved. Once the percentage of
dark-colored, parasitized whitefly scales on leaves exceeds 80%, the numbers of Encarsia
in the greenhouse should limit further spread of greenhouse whitefly. Do not attempt to
use this parasite if high whitefly populations are present with excessive honeydew. Rates
must be at least double for control of sweet potato whitefly.
For greenhouse tomatoes or sweet peppers, release 1
Encarsia/4 plants weekly until control is achieved. For greenhouse (long English)
cucumber, release 1 Encarsia/2 plants weekly for 8-12 weeks until 80% parasitization is
reached. Decrease rates for preventive control (before detection of whitefly), and
increase for high populations of whitefly. Much greater rates are necessary to achieve
control of sweet potato whitefly.
Poinsettias have two ranges of release rates. For
either, it is imperative that all whitefly is eliminated from alternate plant sources
(e.g. weeds or previous crops) and from cuttings before releases begin. Introduce 2 Encarsia/plant weekly for 8-12 weeks, or 3-4 Encarsia/plant weekly for 4-5 weeks. If sweet
potato whitefly is present, the second approach is preferred to encourage the parasite to
adapt to the new host.
Compatible Pesticides
Encarsia is extremely sensitive to insecticide
residues. In greenhouses with plastic materials (i.e. covering or flooring), plastics may
harbor residues at levels toxic to this parasite. Many fungicides are safe with spreader
stickers are harmful.
Insecticides
Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis)
Enstar (Kinoprene)
Vendex (fenbutation oxide)
Fungicides
Benlate (benomyl)
Botran (dicloran)
Daconil2787 (chlorothalonil)
Exothern termil (chlorothalonil)
Karathane (dinocap)
Kumulus, Micro niasul (sulfur)
Rovral (iprodione)
Growth Regulators
B-Nine (daminozide)
Cycocel (chlormequat chloride)
Eretmocerus
californicus, Whitefly Parasite
Hosts
With the help of the parasitic wasp Eretmocerus californicus (=E.
eremicus), the tobacco (also silverleaf, sweetpotato) whitefly Bemisia
tabaci, woolly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus, Citrus whitefly Dialeurodes
citri, bayberry whitefly Parabemisia myricae, can be controlled biologically.
Also the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporarlorum is parasitized by Eretmocerus
californicus. For effective control of the greenhouse whitefly, the parasitic wasp Encarsia
formosa (strips or loose) is recommended.
Mode of action
The parasitic wasp lays an egg inside the larva of the whitefly.
(nymphal-pupal endo-parasite). Inside the larva the egg develops Into a parasitic wasp,
during which, in the course of time, the pupa discolors yellow. This makes It possible to
see that the whitefly pupa has been parasitized, and that instead of a whitefly a
parasitic wasp will emerge. The adult parasitic wasp emerges through a round hole from the
pupa. Female wasps have a solid light yellow color; male wasps have a yellowish brown
color and have thick antennae.
Introduction
When the first whiteflies are observed, the parasitic wasp should be introduced as soon
as possible. Preventive introduction is also possible. They should be introduced every
week or every two weeks until sufficient yellow pupae are present (80-90%). For a whitefly
sensitive crop consider using about 50,000 Eretmocerus per acre in a staged
application. Release 5,000 to 20,000 per acre the first week, and the second week. On week
three, four and beyond, release 2,000 per acre.
Application
The parasitic wasps are supplied as yellow pupae mixed with saw dust in 250 cc shaker
bottles. These shaker bottles enable fast and even distribution of the pupae throughout
the entire crop. Place the material on the leaves evenly at the bottom of the crop. The
material should remain there for a few days, so that the parasitic wasps are given the
chance to emerge and establish themselves In the crop. After their introduction, the
parasitic wasps will emerge from the pupae within a few days. The parasitic wasps will
then immediately start their work. After approximately two weeks, the first parasitized
pupae can be observed in the crop.
Environment
For an optimal biological working of Eretmocerus
californicus, the average twenty-four hours temperature should be higher than 75 ºF
(24 ºC). The minimum effective temperatures are 50 ºF night and 65 ºF day. The
parasitic wasp is susceptible to various chemical pesticides. Use caution when treating
other diseases and pests. Consult the list "Effects of Chemicals On Biological
Control Agents" (Eretmocerus californicus is comparable to the parasitic wasp Encarsia
formosa). Introduce the parasitic wasp as soon as possible after delivery. if
necessary, the material can be stored for a short period of time: store the bottles in a
dark place at 50-59 ºF (10-15 ºC). Do not place in direct sunlight. Do not place in a
refrigerator
Goniozus legneri Navel Orangeworm Parasite
Product: A wasp for the control of navel orangeworm, carob moth,
codling moth, and related worm pests, grown by California Bioworks
Common Name: Goniozus
Family: Bethylidae
Genus Goniozus
Species: legneri
Origin: Argentina and Uruguay, 1979
Target Pest: navel orangeworm, carob moth, codling moth, and pink bollworm.
Host Crop: almonds, walnuts, apples, dates, pecans, pistachios, prunes, cotton,
etc...
Life Stages Shipped: pupae and pre-emergent adults in capsules
Sex Ratio: 6 females to 1 male. Our product is packaged in capsules to facilitate
successful matings prior to release. This insures that you release fertile females.
Development: One adult female can lay approximately 100 eggs during her lifetime.
Adults can live 70+ days with nectar or honey sources available. The adult female
permanently paralyzes the worms in the nut and proceeds to lay her eggs on the largest
worm available. She will then stay with the eggs and growing wasps, until she is satisfied
that they will complete their development. At which time, she seeks out a new host worm to
lay more eggs on. The eggs will hatch and develop in 12-15 days, during which time the
young wasps consume the entire host worm. This next generation of wasps then seek out new
hosts in the orchard and start the process over again.
Environment: Ideal temperature is 80º to 90º F and relative humidity (RH) 20% to
85% (a wide range).
Pesticides: Use may not be compatible. Request technical information on specific
pesticides.
Storage: May be stored for 6-10 days at 50º F and 75% RH. Until release can occur
keep pre-emerged wasps cool (70º F) Adults should emerge from the cocoons within 48 hours
when stored at 80º F. Keep away from sunlight and do not store in an enclosed vehicle or
toolbox. Release as adult wasps only! Do Not place pre-emerged cocoons in the
orchard, as this will lead to loss of wasps due to insect predation (southern fire ant,
earwigs, etc).
Release
Rate. One time application of 1,000+ per acre or multiple releases (2-3 releases per
year) for control of navel orangeworm. Release method, every 5 trees, every 5 rows.
Leptomastidea
abnormis, Mealybug parasite
Scientific
Name: Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault), Race/Strain: Israel
Order:
Hymenoptera (parasitic wasp), Family: Encyrtidae
Packaging:
5,000 adults per 8 oz cup
Holding
after receipt: Keep parasites in an insulated cooler 46.5-50º F (8-10º C) with wet
newspaper and ice packs in the dark for 1-2 days. Release as soon as possible.
Target
Pest: Vine Mealybug, Citrus Mealybug, Planococcus citri and Comstock Mealybug
Preferred
Pest Stage: 2nd and 3rd instars
Target
Crops: Grapes and citrus
Timing:
Begin releasing in late winter or early spring.
Release
Rate: 5,000 per acre, two applications
Release
Method: Leptomastidea are ready for release upon arrival. They should be released in
the early morning, after temperatures have risen above 45º F, but below 95º F. Release
between (infested) leaves in the morning or in the evening. Check vitality prior to
releasing. Control ants prior to releasing.
Biology
Natural
Host Food: Mealybug sp, Citrus mealybug, vine mealybug
Natural
Habitat: Grapes and citrus
Life
Cycle: 17-30 days, 5-6 generations per year under field conditions. 21-24 days at 80º
F 50% humidity, 10-12 generations per year under laboratory conditions.
Sex
Ratio: 50-70% females Fecundity: Averages 57-300 offspring per female
Longevity:
Adults can live 40 days, under laboratory conditions with two feedings.
Appearance:
Mode
of action: Female adult parasitic wasp parasitizes citrus mealybug (larvae).Visual
evidence: The pupa swells and hardens into a mummy. The adult parasitic wasp emerges
through an irregular exit hole gnawed at the posterior end of the mummy. The first mummies
can be seen in the crop approximately 3 weeks after introduction.
Leptomastix dactylopii, parasitic wasp for citrus mealybug, LEPTOPAR
Product
of Koppert Biological Systems
Packaging
250
ml bottle Contains: 250 adults
Target
Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri; third larval stage. Other mealybug
species are not parasitized.RatesLEPTOPAR |
RATE |
FREQUENCY & INTERVAL |
preventive |
- |
- |
curative light |
1/10 ft2 |
every 2 weeks |
curative heavy |
2/10 ft2 |
every 2 weeks |
Introduction
between (infested) leaves in the morning or in the evening
Conditions
No special conditions required. Storage It is not possible to store the
material after receipt! Appearance Female adults: size ± 3 mm, yellow-brown
Male adults: smaller than female, hairy antennae Other stages: develop inside host. Mode
of action Female adult parasitic wasp parasitizes citrus mealybug (larvae).
Visual
effect
The
pupa swells and hardens into a yellow-brown (striped) mummy, with remainders of wax on the
outside. The adult parasitic wasp emerges through a round hole at the rear of the mummy.
Approximately 2 weeks after introduction, the first mummies can be seen in the crop.
Metaphycus
helvolus, Release instructions:
Outdoors: Release when temperatures are below 90 degrees F. Do not release in heavy
rain Remove the lid on the container, place in infested plant Insects will fly out on
their own. For faster release, remove lid and tap bottom of container.
Indoors: This insect prefers to fly to a sunny window or the brightest place in the
structure They will return to the plants when the light diminishes. To avoid this
behavior, shade the window or release at dusk.
Storage: Storage more than one day past arrival date is not recommended. If you
must, store in a cool, dark place, approximately 60 degrees F Do not refrigerate, or place
insects directly next to cold packs.
Pediobius foveolatus, Parasitic
Wasp
Biological Control of Mexican Bean Beetle
Mexican bean beetle can be a devastating
pest of beans. The larvae skeletonize the foliage, and can completely defoliate the plants
which reduces yields. However, a small eulophid wasp has great potential for controlling
Mexican bean beetle in small gardens, even in urban settings. The small beneficial wasp, Pediobius
foveolatus, will seek out and destroy Mexican bean beetle larvae. Imported from India,
this non-overwintering wasp can suppress MBB to non-damaging levels. Introduced from
India, is a gregarious larval parasite that can completely eliminate the beetle in small
gardens. This wasp also parasitizes another minor pest in urban gardens, the squash
beetle. |
|
Mexican bean beetle (MBB) is a major insect pest of beans in the
Mid-Atlantic region. MBB adults and larvae eat the undersides of bean leaves causing
lacing of the foliage. High levels of defoliation can significantly reduce bean yields.
Pediobius foveolatus is a wasp Pediobius has been raised since the late 1970's
to control MBB on commercial soybean acreage in New England.
In a study done in urban gardens in Washington, D.C., this wasp
parasitized 97 to 100% of the Mexican bean beetle larvae in each garden by late summer. In
one year no living Mexican bean beetle larvae could be found 14 weeks after parasite
releases were made, and the bean plants were thriving. If inoculative releases of the
wasps are made at the right time they can eliminate most Mexican bean beetle damage. In
Washington, D.C. this is late June, but in some parts of the Midwest it may be later. The
wasps should be released when the first generation Mexican bean beetle larvae are about
half grown.
This summer Pediobius wasps were released in the students'
community gardens at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The extent of parasitism
throughout this growing season is being studied, and the impact of this release on beetle
populations and bean damage will be assessed next year. Unfortunately, this wasp does not
overwinter in the Midwest, so it must be released each year for biological control. Pediobius
is available commercially.
Last summer the wasp parasite Pediobius was released in the
student gardens at the University of Wisconsin - Madison for control of Mexican bean beetle. The beetle had been a devastating pest on bean
plants in these gardens for years some people even gave up growing beans entirely. Early
this summer local gardeners reported they had yet to find any leaf damage or any beetle
larvae or adults. They didn't want to be too optimistic, but were hoping that the wasp
releases the year before completely eliminated this isolated population of Mexican bean
beetle. A team of researchers searched the gardens in early August and were unable to find
any beetles either.
Source:
Barrows, E. M. and M. E. Hooker. 1981. Parasitization of the Mexican
bean beetle by Pediobius foveolatus in urban vegetable gardens. Environ. Entomology
10: 782-786.
Pentalitomastix
plethoricus, Navel Orangeworm Parasite
Product: A parasitoid of navel orangeworm, carob moth, and related species, grown
by California Bioworks.
Common Name: none
Family: Encyrtidae
Genus: Pentalitomastix (Copidosoma)
Species: plethoricus
Origin: Mexico and south Texas, 1964
Host Pest: navel orangeworm, carob moth, and raisin moth
Host Crop: almonds, walnuts, dates, pecans, pistachios, prunes, etc.
Life Stage Shipped: mummied larvae (in capsules for easy handling) full of wasp
pupae
Sex Ratio: 1 female to 1 male. A fertile female will produce 50% male and 50%
female offspring
Development: One adult female can lay approximately 100 eggs during her lifetime.
Adults can live 4 to 5 days with a nectar or honey source available. The adult female
seeks out the egg of the host moth into which she deposits one egg. This egg goes through
the process of polyembryony, producing as many as 1,200 wasp larvae to consume the fully
developed host larva. It requires 45 days from oviposition to adult emergence at 80º F
(complete metamorphosis).
Environment: Ideal temperature is 75º to 80º F and a mid to high relative
humidity (RH)
Pesticides: Use may not be compatible. Request technical information on specific
pesticides. This wasp will readily establish in the absence of pesticide sprays.
Storage: Mummied larvae may be stored for up to 7 days at 50º F and 75% RH. Until
release can occur keep pre-emerged parasitoids cool (70º F). Adults should begin to
emerge from the pupae within 48 hours when stored at 80º F. Expect some scattered
emergence with this insect. Release may have to be made over a period of days. Keep away
from sunlight and do not store in an enclosed vehicle or tool box. Release adult wasps
only. Do Not place pre-emerged pupae in the orchard, as this will lead to high
rates of mortality due to insect predation.
Augmentation: Release rate 1,000 per acre or 30,000 wasps (50 capsules) per
orchard. Release method, 8 border (4 corners, 4 sides, 2nd row in) and 2
central release sites. Spring release to coincide with peak moth egg-laying as determined
by monitoring traps. May be released, anytime egg-laying is occurring.
May be more effective when used with Goniozus and Trichogramma.
|